Project Runway Essay - 827 Words

The main lights dim, the runway lights flash on and the audience grows excited. The models backstage grow nervous as the audience starts to cheer. The models are about to show off a new line of clothing from a designer that will become the newest trend in fashion. But what is fashion? Many people think about models, the runway, New York and expensive clothing when they hear the word fashion. But fashion is much more than that. Fashion is clothing that defines who a person is, their likes and dislikes, their personality and most importantly their culture. Clothing dates back to about 100,000-500,000 years ago. The first clothing was made out of animal hide and fur, vegetation and bones. This type of clothing was usually draped over people†¦show more content†¦Muslim women are supposed to dress modestly, covering more body then the men. The law requires these women to wear hijab which is mosdest clothing ranging from headdress to the traditional burqa. The modest clothing protects the women from the men’s gazes (Mussap 122). The kimono is widely referred to as the national costume of Japan and is used for festive occasions in Japan. Once used to determine social class, the kimono has now become a symbol of distinctive Japaneseness. The kimono represents the diligent and graceful manner of the Japanese woman. This representation came from geisha women who once wore them (Assmann 360-362). Fashion through the different cultures also defines that cultures religion. Many cultures have tradition religious outfits. One example is Jewish men wearing yamakas during religious events. The yamakas symbolize the relationship between man and God. In the Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism religions the people wear natural, unstitched cloth while performing religious ceremonies. The natural, unstitched cloth represents purity and devotion to the task. Fashion communicates the culture and ways of people. It is a way for people to express their thoughts and feelings. People who dress in all black may be in mourning or depressed while people who wear bright colors are cheerful and lively. According to Isabel Grant and Graeme Stephen consumers buy fashion based on their own preferences which demonstrates theirShow MoreRelatedMichael Kors2075 Words   |  9 PagesKors was born on August 9, 1959, and was raised on Long Island. He moved to New York City to attend the Fashion Institute of Technology, but dropped out after two semesters. Kors launched his women’s collection in 1981 band became a judge on Project Runway in 2004. First Lady Michelle Obama posed in a Michael Kors dress for her first official portrait. Kors lives in New York City. He is half Scandinavian, half Jewish. His mother is Joan Krystosek Kors, a former model. Designer, Born AugustRead MoreAirport Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesRunways The airport has two parallel runways in an east-west orientation, as shown on Exhibit 1 Runway 7R-25L is 8,208 feet long by 100 feet wide. A 140-foot-long blast pad is located on the east end; a 154- foot-long blast pad is located on the west end. The Runway 7R threshold is displaced 897 feet. The Runway 25L threshold is displaced 930 feet. Parallel Runway 7L-25R is 4,500 feet by 75 feet. Analysis will be conducted to determine the need for these displacements in subsequent chapters. RunwayRead MoreAir Traffic Control System Of Sdf1139 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides for the most efficient flight operations and the future airport developments will cost-effectively satisfy the growing aviation demand in the area. The runway, taxiway, and ramp configurations at SMF provide an efficient access system for arriving and departing aircraft today, but there are current assessments in progress of runway lengths required for future non-stop service to European and Asian destinations. The current instrument and visual landing systems meet the required flight operationsRead MoreA Analysis On The Stripe Hog1236 Words   |  5 PagesFOREWORD Waterblasting Technologies manufactures the Stripe Hog Waterblasting System to remove all types of durable pavement markings from roadways and runways and rubber deposits left from aircraft landings. The business began in 1988 and the Stripe Hog has been available to the public since 2005 and is now in 50 countries with more units working around the world than our top five competitors combined. The fact that the founder, James Crocker, has been a waterblasting contractor since 1988 hasRead MoreThe Atlanta Airport By Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport Essay1923 Words   |  8 Pages(Hartsfield-Jackson, 2016). The 4,700 acres that the airport covers feature 5 parallel runways (8L/26R, 8R/26L, 9L/27R, 9R/27L, 10/28); all of the runways run east to west along with their associated taxiways. There are 2 runways on the North side of the airfield (The terminal area represents the middle of the airfield) and 3 runways on the south side of the airfield. The advantage of having these parallel runways is that during the operation there is no need to be concerned with aircraft crossingRead MoreImpact Of General Aviation On Capacity At Sea Tac1497 Words   |  6 Pageswithout direct impact to or from general aviation traffic’s influence at the field. Incidentally, SEA-TAC added an additional runway in 2008 (Runway 16R-34L) which was spaced at the required distance from the existing furthest east runway to allow for simultaneous arrivals during degraded weather conditions (SEA airport capacity profile 2014). Moreover, the third runway essentially facilitated a doubling of the arrival capacity during those periods of restricted visibility enabling capacity to supportRead MoreProject Management : The Brisbane Airport2887 Words   |  12 PagesContents Task A: Background of the project 2 SOME FACTS 2 REQUIREMENTS 3 OUTCOMES 3 Task B: Project Risk Management 3 The graph 5 TASK C: Project Control System 6 TASK D: Critical Evaluation 7 Monitoring 7 Go/No-Go Control 7 Earned value analysis 8 Project Tracking 8 Post Control 8 Cybernetic control 8 CONCLUSION 8 Bibliography: 9 Task A: Background of the project The Brisbane Airport is located 14 kilometers north east of the Brisbane central business district. As much as 27 airlinesRead MoreAirport Construction Has A Major Effect On The Community1577 Words   |  7 Pageseveryone involved and also the community around the airport. When an airport begins to make plans for expansion or repairs a whole list of things are researched and planned years in advance. The airport manager is responsible for overseeing the project and confirming that everything goes as planned and everyone stays safe in the process. There are multiple regulations to abide by not only from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), but by the city and the Occupational Safety and Health AssociationRead MorePlanning And Design Of Airport Infrastructure1349 Words   |  6 Pagesthe air industry, a flexible approach for the future needs to be implemented. New projects in airports have no guarantee to be successful because of a range of factors. Unpredictable demand and increasing availability of alternative modes of transport go a long way in explaining this uncertainty. Airport projects are also susceptible to fluctuations in the economy, which can heavily impact on the level of projects an airport will undertake. These uncertainties mean an approach which takes themRead MoreRunway Description Of Runway Lighting1358 Words   |  6 PagesRunway lighting. Runway lighting is composed of several different types of lighting, with specific colors and positions on the runway, conveying vital information to the pilot during night operations, or operations during low visibility. Some airports will have Runway End Identifier Lights, which provide positive identification of the approach end of the runway. These lights are located on each side of the runway threshold, consist of a pair of synchronized flashing lights, and may be unidirectional

Directing Act 3, Scene 5 of William Shakespeares Romeo...

Directing Act 3, Scene 5 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 is a crucial part of the play. It is the scene in which we see Juliet abandoned by all of her allies: Romeo, her parents and, to a certain extent, her nurse. It is also a scene where many of the themes of the whole play, such as fate, marriage, individual freedom and day and night, are developed. The scene is hectic and contains numerous exits and entrances. It sets the pace for the rest of the play and the audience should feel that the lovers time together is running out. It is my role as director to bring out the full dramatic potential of the scene in my cinematic version.†¦show more content†¦This will be two shots superimposed over one another; one of Romeo running and stumbling over the Capulet garden (what Juliet is really seeing) and the other of Romeo drinking the poison and stumbling towards a dead body in a tomb. The body is not identifiable but the audience know this is a prophecy. When Romeo speaks lines 58-59 his voice sounds very quiet and faraway, a big close up of his face is used and his mouth moves in slow motion. All these effects add to the drama of their goodbyes. The second part of Act 3 Scene 5 is where Juliet speaks with her mother before her father enters (lines 60-125). In this part of the scene I want the audience to realise the double meaning of Juliet and Lady Capulets conversation. I will do this by using flashbacks to show what each character is thinking. For example, at line 74 let yet me weep for feeling such a loss , a big close up of Juliet could be followed by a shot of Romeo leaving, then cut to Lady Capulet and a flashback of Tybalts death. Line 94/95 is very interesting. There are two ways in which the line can be read: til I behold him // dead is my poor heart, so farà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦til I behold him dead // is my poor heart, so farà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In order for the audience to clearly see that the line could be read in two ways and have two veryShow MoreRelatedAuteur Criticism for Moulin Rouge by Baz Luhrmann1566 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Auteur Criticism for Moulin Rouge! by Baz Luhrmann As a director Luhrmann has only five films under his filmmaking belt; Strictly Ballroom (1992), Romeo + Juliet (1996), Moulin Rouge! (2001), Australia (2008), and his latest film, The Great Gatsby (2012) (Horn, 4). Even with such a short list of films he has directed, Luhrmann’s directing style is recognizable and obvious for all of his movies. The most noticeable characteristics of this director are his films’ favorable close-up use of editing

Night World Witchlight Chapter 1 Free Essays

The mall was so peaceful. There was no hint of the terrible thing that was about to happen. It looked like any other shopping mall inNorth Carolina on a Sunday afternoon in December. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Witchlight Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modern. Brightly decorated. Crowded with customers who knew there were only ten shopping days until Christmas. Warm, despite the chilly gray skies outside. Safe. Not the kind of place where a monster would appear. Keller walked past a display of â€Å"Santa Claus Through the Ages† with all her senses alert and open. And that meant a lot of senses. The glimpses she caught of herself in darkened store windows showed a high-school-aged girl in a sleek jumpsuit, with straight black hair that fell past her hips and cool gray eyes. But she knew that anybody who watched her closely was likely to see something else-a sort of prowling grace in the way she walked and an inner glow when the gray eyes focused on anything. Raksha Keller didn’t look quite human. Which was hardly surprising, because she wasn’t. She was a shapeshifter, and if people looking at her got the impression of a half-tamed panther on the loose, they were getting it exactly right. â€Å"Okay, everybody.† Keller touched the pin on her collar, then pressed a finger to the nearly invisible receiver in her ear, trying to tune out the Christmas music that filled the mall. â€Å"Report in.† â€Å"Winnie here.† The voice that spoke through the receiver was light, almost lilting, but professional. â€Å"I’m over by Sears. Haven’t seen anything yet. Maybe she’s not here.† â€Å"Maybe,† Keller said shortly into the pin-which wasn’t a pin at all but an extremely expensive transmission device. â€Å"But she’s supposed to love shopping, and her parents said she was headed this way. It’s the best lead we’ve got. Keep looking.† â€Å"Nissa here.† This voice was cooler and softer, emotionless. â€Å"I’m in the parking lot, driving by theBingham Street entrance. Nothing to report- wait.† A pause, then the ghostly voice came back with a new tension: â€Å"Keller, we’ve got trouble. A black limo just pulled up outside Brody’s. They know she’s here.† Keller’s stomach tightened, but she kept her voice level. â€Å"You’re sure it’s them?† â€Å"I’m sure. They’re getting out-a couple of vampires and†¦ something else. A young guy, just a boy really. Maybe a shapeshifter. I don’t know for sure; he isn’t like anything I’ve seen before.† The voice was troubled, and that troubled Keller. Nissa Johnson was a vampire with a brain like the library of Congress. Something she didn’t recognize? â€Å"Should I park and come help you?† Nissa asked. â€Å"No,† Keller said sharply. â€Å"Stay with the car; we’re going to need it for a fast getaway. Winnie and I will take care of it. Right, Winnie?† â€Å"Oh, right, Boss. In fact, I can take ’em all on myself; you just watch.† ‘You watch your mouth, girl.† But Keller had to fight the grim smile that was tugging at her lips. Winfrith Arlin was Nissa’s opposite-a witch and inclined to be emotional. Her odd sense of humor had lightened some black moments. â€Å"Both of you stay alert,† Keller said, completely serious now. â€Å"You know what’s at stake.† â€Å"Right, Boss.† This time, both voices were subdued. They did know. The world. The girl they were looking for could save the world-or destroy it. Not that she knew that†¦ yet Her name was Iliana Harman, and she had grown up as a human child. She didn’t realize that she had the blood of witches in her and that she was one of the four Wild Powers destined to fight against the time of darkness that was coming. She’s about to get quite a surprise when we tell her, Keller thought That was assuming that Keller’s team got to her before the bad guys did. But they would. They had to. There was a reason they’d been chosen to come here, when every agent of Circle Daybreak in North America would have been glad to do this job. They were the best. It was that simple. They were an odd team-vampire, witch, and shapeshifter-but they were unbeatable. And Keller was only seventeen, but she already had a reputation for never losing. And I’m not about to blow that now, she thought. â€Å"This is it, kiddies,† she said. â€Å"No more talking until we ID the girl. Good luck.† Their transmissions were scrambled, of course, but there was no point in taking chances. The bad guys were extremely well organized. Doesn’t matter. Well still win, Keller thought, and she paused in her walking long enough really to expand her senses. It was like stepping into a different world. They were senses that a human couldn’t even imagine. Infrared. She saw body heat. Smell. Humans didn’t have any sense of smell, not really. Keller could distinguish Coke from Pepsi from across a room. Touch. As a panther, Keller had exquisitely sensitive hairs all over her body, especially on her face. Even in human form, she could feel things with ten times the intensity of a real human. She could feel her way in total darkness by the air pressure on her skin. Hearing. She could hear both higher and lower pitches than a human, and she could pinpoint an individual cough in a crowd. Sight. She had night vision like-well, like a cat’s. Not to mention more than five hundred muscles that she could move voluntarily. And just now, all her resources were attuned to finding one teenage girl in this swarming mall. Her eyes roved over faces; her ears pricked at the sound of every young voice; her nose sorted through thousands of smells for the one that would match the T-shirt she’d taken from Iliana’s room. Then, just as she froze, catching a whiff of something familiar, the receiver in her ear came to life. â€Å"Keller-I spotted her! Hallmark, second floor. But they’re here, too.† They’d found her first. Keller cursed soundlessly. Aloud, she said, â€Å"Nissa, bring the car around to the west side of the mall. Winnie, don’t do anything. I’m coming.† The nearest escalator was at the end of the mall. But from the map in her hand, she could see that Hallmark was directly above her on the upper level. And she couldn’t waste time. Keller gathered her legs under her and jumped. One leap, straight up. She ignored the gasps- and a few shrieks-of the people around her as she sprang. At the top of her jump, she caught the railing that fenced off the upper-level walkway. She hung for a second by her hands, then pulled herself up smoothly. More people were staring. Keller ignored them. They got out of her way as she headed for the Hallmark store. Winnie was standing with her back to the display window of the store beside it. She was short, with a froth of strawberry curls and a pixie face. Keller edged up to her, careful to keep out of the line of sight of the Hallmark. â€Å"What’s up?† â€Å"There’s three of them,† Winnie murmured in a barely audible voice. â€Å"Just like Nissa said. I saw them go in-and then I saw her. They’ve got her surrounded, but so far they’re just talking to her.† She glanced sideways at Keller with dancing green eyes. â€Å"Only three-we can take them easy.† â€Å"Yeah, and that’s what worries me. Why would they only send three?† Winnie shrugged slightly. â€Å"Maybe they’re like us-the best.† Keller only acknowledged that with a flicker of her eyebrows. She was edging forward centimeter by centimeter, trying to get a glimpse of the interior of the Hallmark shop between the stockings and stuffed animals in the display window. There. Two guys in dark clothing almost like uniforms-vampire thugs. Another guy Keller could see only as a partial silhouette through a rack of Christmas ornaments. And her. Iliana. The girl everybody wanted. She was beautiful, almost impossibly so. Keller had seen a picture, and it had been beautiful, but now she saw that it hadn’t come within miles of conveying the real girl. She had the silvery-fair hair and violet eyes that showed her Harman blood. She also had an extraordinary delicacy of features and grace of movement that made her as pretty to watch as a white kitten on the grass. Although Keller knew she was seventeen, she seemed slight and childlike. Almost fairylike. And right now, she was listening with wide, trusting eyes to whatever the silhouette guy was saying. To Keller’s fury, she couldn’t make it out. He must be whispering. â€Å"It’s really her,† Winnie breathed from beside Keller, awed. â€Å"The Witch Child. She looks just like the legends said, just like I imagined.† Her voice turned indignant. â€Å"I can’t stand to watch them talk to her. It’s like-blasphemy.† â€Å"Keep your hair on,† Keller murmured, still searching with her eyes. â€Å"You witches get so emotional about your legends.† â€Å"Well, we should. She’s not just a Wild Power, she’s a pure soul.† Winfrith’s voice was softly awed. â€Å"She must be so wise, so gentle, so farsighted. I can’t wait to talk to her.† Her voice sharpened. â€Å"And those thugs shouldn’t be allowed to talk to her. Come on, Keller, we can take-them fast. Let’s go.† â€Å"Winnie, don’t-â€Å" It was too late. Winnie was already moving, heading straight into the shop without any attempt at concealment. Keller cursed again. But she didn’t have any choice now. â€Å"Nissa, stand by. Things are going to get exciting,† she snapped, touching her pin, and then she followed. Winnie was walking directly toward the little group of three guys and Iliana as Keller reached the door. The guys were looking up, instantly alert. Keller saw their faces and gathered herself for a leap. But it never happened. Before she could get all her muscles ready, the silhouette guy turned-and everything changed. Time went into slow motion. Keller saw his face clearly, as if she’d had a year to study it. He wasn’t bad-looking-quite handsome, actually. He didn’t look much older than she was, and he had clean, nicely molded features. He had a small, compact body with what looked like hard muscles under his clothes. His hair was black, shaggy but shiny, almost like fur. It fell over his forehead in an odd way, a way that looked deliberately disarrayed and was at odds with the neatness of the rest of him. And he had eyes of obsidian. Totally opaque. Shiny silver-black, with nothing clear or transparent about them. They revealed nothing; they simply threw light back at anyone who looked into them. They were the eyes of a monster, and every one of Keller’s five hundred voluntary muscles froze in fear. She didn’t need to hear the roar that was far below the pitch that human ears could pick up. She didn’t need to see the swirl of dark energy that flared like a red-tinged black aura around him. She knew already, instinctively, and she tried to get the breath to yell a warning to Winnie. There was no time. She could only watch as the boy’s face turned toward Winnie and power exploded out of him. He did it so casually. Keller could tell that it was only a flick of his mind, like a horse slapping its tail at a fly. But the dark power slammed into Winnie and sent her flying through the air, arms and legs outstretched, until she hit a wall covered with display plates and clocks. The crash was tremendous. Winnie! Keller almost yelled it out loud. Winnie fell behind the cash register counter, out of Keller’s line of sight. Keller couldn’t tell if she were alive or not. The cashier who had been standing behind the counter went running and screaming toward the back of the shop. The customers scattered, some following the cashier, some dashing for the exit. Keller hung in the doorway a second longer as they streamed out around her. Then she reeled away to stand with her back against the window of the next shop, breathing hard. There were coils of ice in her guts. A dragon. He was a dragon. How to cite Night World : Witchlight Chapter 1, Essay examples

Strategic Planning Process

Question: You are the Program Manager and responsible for the coordination of all activities which occur in a program. This may be a social work program, nursing care program, occupational or physiotherapy program, etc. Primarily based with a focus on either the aged care sector or disability health services.Briefly describethe strategic planning process and how you would use this to promote the aims and outcomes of the program. Identify key reporting tools of quality management which may be applied throughout the process, also consider the ongoing goals of the program. How would you define the relationship between quality assessment and performance reporting within your program? Are they interrelated? Describe both possible positive and negative outcomes.What do you believe to be the most effective way of ensuring people within your organisation achieve the goals set for them? Consider education, recognition of skills and competencies, in addition how will this affect the rest of the organiza tion as a whole? Answer: The Falls Management Program includes dual primary looms to towards management of the falls as well as injuries. The initiation will be through a very spontaneous response towards residents that fall. When any fall takes place, careful evaluation as well as investigation, with instantaneous intervention while initial 24 hours, could help recognize risk plus even prevent any future incidents. Second loom will be long-run management. In this approach, screening at the time of admission, quarterly, yearly s well as alterations of situations are vital towards identifying inhabitants at higher risk of the fall (Bloodgood 2007). In both the looms, a proper comprehensive falls evaluation must also be used towards developing entity care plan intrusion. Staff will also monitor as well as manage residents answer, and make proper care plan revaluations whenever required. While both the approaches will be fundamental towards a complete program, burden upon staff within terms of enhanced time as well as paperwork because of the higher quantity of resident falls also is significant. Amenities which master fall response procedure could shift from the crisis management towards proactive decrease of the fall risk as well as related injuries Program goal and background The FMP will be appropriate interdisciplinary quality enhancement initiative. Such a program will be properly and specifically designed towards assisting the nursing facilities and also supplying individualized, person-oriented care, as well as civilizing their total care for fall processes plus outcomes via educational as well as quality enhancement tools ('Defining And Developing Competence: A Strategic Process Paradigm' 1995). Why is all this significant? It is a vital question and has several answers: Falls are general within nursing facilities. From 1.6 million inhabitants in the U.S. nursing amenities, roughly half fall yearly. About 1 within 3 of the ones who fall would fall two otherwise more times within a year.Falls frequently have solemn consequences, particularly in weak older residents. The Fall-oriented injuries lessen residents superiority of life in addition to capability towards function. Residents that fall without any injury habitually develop a fright of falling which leads towards self-forced limitation of actions. One in each 10 inhabitants that fall has very serious associated injury as well as some 65,000 patients also suffer a modish fracture every year. There are several unfavorable results of these falls.Falls in reality are a vital safety concern intended for all nursing amenities. Injuries that are a result of falls are also major causes for many lawsuits adjacent to facilities as well as staff that could also result within loss of the large amount of mone y as well as higher indemnity premiums. There exist many probable consequences for amenities.Several nursing amenities carry theses programs in proper place, yet identify that there are always spaces for enhancement and growth. While not every fall and injury could be banned, it is also very critical to carry a methodical process for assessment, interference and monitoring which results within minimizing all the risks of fall.FMP would also help facility employees to recognize and arbitrate, whenever possible, upon the ordinary causes of the falls. Falls amongst nursing home inhabitants are more often than not consequence of the mix of risk elements, both intrinsic as well as extrinsic. Though intrinsic risk elements like age-linked changes plus chronic diseases can never be eradicated, they could be controlled in proper way towards reducing residents danger of falling. The Medical administration of both acute as well as chronic situations could be improved via appropriate assessment and proper treatment. Risk factors that are Extrinsic could also be spoken to towards improve safety within environment plus also during use of tools and equipments. Reporting tools for better quality management FMP Self-evaluation tool will be used in the program and this would enable employees to recognize strengths as well as weaknesses within main areas. It must also be completed prior to initiation of the program for better development of a facility-detailed plan intended for implementation of the program (Dring 2007). This self-assessment must also be concluded after the program implementation towards evaluating progress as well as identifying further improvement in the process requirements. In fastidious, completing chart audit segment of self-assessment periodical would also help to detect all the care processes like screening, evaluation, care planning, as well as monitoring that will be performed and recognized adequately along with need upgrading. This part will also include major fields of documentation that are necessary to imitate implementation of most excellent practices as well as will also promote positive consequences throughout survey otherwise at time of litigation. Tracking Record intended for Improving the Patient Safety (TRIPS) also will be used as a method in FMP towards reporting all forms of falls and also the progress of the plan and the program. The Centers intended for Medicare as well as Medicaid Services explanation of the reportable fall comprises the following Full episode where particular resident has lost his or her balance as well as may have fallen, that were not for any staff intervention, also is said as a fall. In some other words, intercepted fall also is a fall.The attendance or nonappearance of an ensuing injury is never a factor within definition of any fall. Even a fall devoid of injury is considered as a fall (Gustafsson 1997).When any resident is seen on floor, facility is compelled to investigate plus even try to recognize the way in which he/she went there, in addition to putting into place proper intervention towards preventing this type of happening anytime again. Unless and until there is proof suggesting, most logical end is that fall has actually occurred. Relation amid quality assessment plus performance reporting If any fall situation is not investigated on time of occurrence, it is extra difficult to put together event in addition to determining kinds of risk that were present in the situation that has already occurred. Even while an occupant is found on floor after an unrecognized fall, straight care staff could also use their knowledge as well as experience of resident towards making educated guesses on the basis of the evidence (Foster 2014). Proper response of the unknown must also rarely be accepted through nurse manager at the time of investigation of the fall. EFFECTIVE WAY TO ENSURE PEOPLE IN THE ORGANISATION TO ACHIEVE GOALS THAT ARE POSITIONED FOR THEM Tracking Record intended for Improving the Patient Safety which is also called TRIPS will be the method that will be used within FMP towards reporting all forms of falls. TRIPS form will be divided in two segments. Section A which will include general residents information and data processes for documentation within medical record as well as notification of primary care supplier plus their family. Section B will comprise of questions regarding circumstances, employee response as well as resident plus also care results (Kirby 2010). Nurse Manager on duty at time of fall must also complete TRIPS form. Following the discussion with involved straight care staff, nurse will be asked to utilize his/her knowledge as well as experience plus skills of resident towards putting together hints so that the unknown is utilized cautiously, if it is ever used. This form will be next checked by Falls Nurse manager of nursing plus any missing data like emergency space visits, hospital admittance, x-ra y outcomes otherwise additional tests that are medical will be added at some later time. Outcomes of Falls evaluation, with orders plus recommendations, must also be utilized by interdisciplinary group towards developing a complete as well as proper care plan intended to the falls within some 1-7 days following the fall. Fall interference Plan will also be used by Falls Nurse manager as proper worksheet plus towards recording final interventions chosen for resident. Interventions listed upon this form also will be grouped within same five danger areas worn for Falls evaluation. Also a proper copy of plan for Fall Interventions will be supplied. Often chief care plan will not comprise of any specific sufficient detail towards effectively reducing the risk of the fall. Safe and secured footwear will also be a very good instance of an intervention frequently found on the care plan. But also to prevent people from falls, employees must understand which of inhabitants shoes are secure an d safe. This phase of the detail merely comes with the frontline employee involvement towards individualizing care plan (Campbell 2006). Plan for Fall Interventions will also include such level of data and detail. While plan for falls care might also include probably effective involvement, it is employee compliance which will decrease fall risk. Programs success otherwise failure could merely be recognized if employee actually implement suggested interventions. Therefore, monitoring employee will also follow-through upon the program and will be considered very necessary once care plan will get appropriately developed. Occupants response will also be evaluated and assessed to recognize if intervention is actually successful or has become a failure. Changes within care in addition to alternate interventions must also be decided on the basis of continued evaluation of resident as well as family input. Fall Interventions will also provide a procedure towards documenting the staff implementation, efficiency of chosen interventions as well as any essential revisions (Dykes 2012). Leadership Style The leadership style that will be used in the program plays a vital role within job satisfaction among the nurses. Moreover, there exist very limited literature within this area regarding nurses' manager and their styles of leadership. The aim and objective of this style will be therefore to investigate relationship amid the leadership style used by managers as well as job of nurses and their satisfaction within the organization. Leadership is that ability which influences as well as pursues the admirer through guiding and motivating s well as directing the followers towards achievement of organizational efficiency. Several facts of health management emphasize upon the effective leadership which is highly associated towards nurse staff and their satisfaction with their work as satisfied nurses actually are more probable to stay not merely within profession but even in health care firm which they also are properly satisfied with. There exists several styles of the leadership which any nurse manager can use towards leading employee nurses within a hospital, but prior to this introduction of using transformational and the transactional style of leadership which was perceived through majority of nurses executives as most effective and useful style within the health care firms (Dring 2007). Since early 1990s, the use of transformational style of leadership has been every time preferred over the proper transactional style of leadership as the health care ecology also demands the leaders that inspire other people with vision of things that can be appropriately accomplished. There also exists limited literature within areas regarding leadership styles of the managers.There will be some two styles of leadership used by the manager in this situation to handle the staffs and continue with the program effectively. Transformational Leadership:The leadership wil be followed and here leaders as well as subordinates will be able to raise each other to greater levels of inspiration as well as morality. This leadership will help the leader to develop better relations with subordinated otherwise followers and thereby enhance the result of the program. Transformational leadership, will act as an independent variable which will include: A) Credited idealize influence which would describe proper behaviors to encourage employees and also think highly about their leaders. B) Behavioral influence that will be idealized and which would refer towards actions those managers would take to reveal values, beliefs, plus sense of the organizational mission. C) Inspirational drive which would describe the managers about people who are hopeful about organization's vision intended to future (Ackoff 1999). D) Intellectual encouragement in which leader would eloquent novel ideas which prompt followers towards rethinking the conservative practice as well as thinking. E) Individual deliberation which will be demonstrated through mentoring as well as recognizing unique needs as well as capabilities of employee members. Transactional Leadership:Is will mostly be characterized through a need to preserve organization's obtainable culture, strategies, as well as procedures. Transactional style of leadership will act as an autonomous variable which will include. A) Contingent rewards within which leader will provide all the rewards which will be either tangible such as finical rewards otherwise will be intangible rewards such as verbal type of gratitude on the basis of performance of the subordinates. B) Active management through exception which will represent all managerial behaviors which would also focus upon finding faults within work of the subordinates. C) Passive management through exception which will involve responding otherwise becoming involved merely when any problem takes place (Antonakis and House 2014). D) Laissez-faire behaviors that would demonstrate a deficit of participation in which the mangers actually fail to turn out to be involved within vital decisions Ethical clearance also will be obtained through several ethical review board of the organization, and also a proper as well as formal letter will be written to the firm and higher authorities of the firm. Verbal consent will be obtained from each and every participant prior to collection of information, details as well as data. Additionally, there will be few names of the subordinates who will be included in the program and some that will be not used within the program as well as confidentially of subordinates and their delivered information will also be maintained by the manager. The manager will also need to look after the proper handling of the data and better supply of information to the participants which would later on help the manager to attain his objectives and supply enhanced result to the firm. REINFORCE THE BEHAVIOURS, ATTITUDES AND SKILLS WHICH WOULD GIVE DESIRED RESULTS Reinforcement actually is a stimulus that follows as well as is contingent on a behavior plus also increases probability of the behavior that is repeated. Optimistic, positive and also called hopeful reinforcement could actually help in increment of likelihood of not merely desirable behavior rather also some undesirable performances. For instance, if a learner or a subordinate whines within order towards getting attention as well as is victorious in attaining it, attention dishes up as optimistic reinforcement that also increases likelihood which student would continue towards whining. Here are several types of reinforces that have also been searched to be efficient for changing learners behavior as well as a conversation of the way in which to select as well as deliver suitable plus effective reinforces (Jzefowicz 2010). Natural Direct Reinforcement: This reinforcement will result unswervingly from the perfect as well as appropriate behavior. For instance, communicating appropriately with the learners and the subordinates in the group activities would lead towards extra invitations to link such actions. Natural reinforcement intended for proper bids for the attention, help as well as participation will be used to provide attention, help plus opportunity towards participation. The aim and goal must always be towards moving learners to the natural as well as intrinsic reinforcement. Social Reinforcement: These will be reinforces that will socially be mediated through teachers and other adults as well as peers that will also express endorsement plus praise for suitable behavior. There will be several comments like "Good job," "It seems you are working very hard," "oh! You are very good at your work" and many more, and proper expressions of the approval like nodding head and smiling plus clapping and also a pat on back will be some effective tools to motivate the employees towards taking better part in the program (Dasgupta, Suar and Singh 2012). Activity Reinforcement: Activity reinforces in reality are extra effective as well as positive for all type of learners within any program. Allowing learners to properly participate within the preferred actions like playing live games, teaching through computer and many more act as very powerful tool, particularly if portion of reinforcement will be allowed to select a peer with whom to contribute in activity. This will even provides the social reinforcement through partner. Tangible Reinforcement: This category will include some edibles like money, awards, incentives, benefits and many more, for people performing better and good in the program and also learning extra effectively. Money and good as well as incentives will be used with extra caution. Teachers or the manager might also have causes to allot the tangible incentives as positive reinforcement and attract employees towards the program and enforce them to perform better. Awards could also be in form of some certificates or displaying work, as well as letters to learners commending their total progress. These will powerfully help in motivating the employees. Token Reinforcement: This will involve proper awarding points otherwise tokens for fitting behavior. These plunders will have less value within them yet can be swapped for thing that have value. PREVENTING TOXIC BEHAVIOR OF EMPLOYEES The most effective as well as best strategy intended for handling toxic behavior in reality is prevention. Below mentioned are some best practices on the basis of traditional three-phase prevention replica: Primary Prevention It is most powerful avoidance strategy and plan which will utilize practices which would prevent and avoid populace with such character from getting even hired in first place. Looms like self-evaluation instruments as well as "360 degree" spectator ratings would also work while detecting possible problems than the interviews plus reference checks. Other effectual primary avoidance practice will be to tell possible candidates about core achievement competencies intended for any position few of which must be exact conflicting of the toxic behaviors, that the manager can be alert of that they would be evaluated for such behaviors while initial phase of employment (Jeon, Younghwa 2010). Secondary Prevention Since it is ideal to stop hiring staffs with such traits totally, it is even valuable to notice problems early as well as intervene towards minimizing its damaging impact. This means that detecting behaviors near the beginning within an employees tenure as well as minimizing the impact. This could also involve supplying few education as well as coaching related to toxic behaviors while first weeks of the employment plus early detection via use of the behavioral evaluation that utilizes a total "360 degree" arrangement which includes verbal as well as written reply accompanied through paying attention towards mitigation like coaching or guidance plan (McGough 2011). References Ackoff, Russell L. 1999. 'Transformational Leadership'. Strategy Leadership 27 (1): 20-25. doi:10.1108/eb054626. Antonakis, John, and Robert J. House. 2014. 'Instrumental Leadership: Measurement And Extension Of TransformationalTransactional Leadership Theory'. The Leadership Quarterly 25 (4): 746-771. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.005. Bloodgood, James M. 2007. 'The Business Planning Process: Maintaining Strategic Fit'. Strat. Change 16 (1-2): 33-41. doi:10.1002/jsc.781. Campbell, A. J. 2006. 'Implementation Of Multifactorial Interventions For Fall And Fracture Prevention'. Age And Ageing 35 (Supplement 2): ii60-ii64. doi:10.1093/ageing/afl089. Dasgupta, Shilpee A., Damodar Suar, and Seema Singh. 2012. 'Impact Of Managerial Communication Styles On Employees Attitudes And Behaviours'. Employee Relations 35 (2): 173-199. doi:10.1108/01425451311287862. 'Defining And Developing Competence: A Strategic Process Paradigm'. 1995. Long Range Planning 28 (4): 123. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(95)94265-z. Dring, Thomas F. 2007. 'Quality Evaluation Needs Some Better Quality Tools'. Nature 445 (7129): 709-709. doi:10.1038/445709b. Dykes, P. C. 2012. 'Adding Targeted Multiple Interventions To Standard Fall Prevention Interventions Reduces Falls In An Acute Care Setting'. Evidence-Based Nursing 15 (4): 109-110. doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2012-100630. Foster, Lenelle. 2014. 'Quality-Assessment Expectations And Quality-Assessment Reality In Educational Interpreting: An Exploratory Case Study'. Stellenbosch Papers In Linguistics Plus 43 (0): 87. doi:10.5842/43-0-207. Gustafsson, Anders. 1997. 'The New Quality Tools'. Total Quality Management 8 (2-3): 167-172. doi:10.1080/0954412979938. Jeon, Younghwa,. 2010. 'Research Of Employees Organizational Commitment And Vocational Ethical Behavior'. Journal Of Ethics 1 (79): 53-78. doi:10.15801/je.1.79.201012.53. Jzefowicz, Barbara. 2010. 'Development Supporting Employee Behaviours'. JPM 1 (1). doi:10.12775/jpm.2010.006. Kane, Robert L., and David A. Ganz. 2013. 'Fall Prevention: Single Or Multiple Interventions?'. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 61 (2): 281-281. doi:10.1111/jgs.12095_1. Kirby, Roger. 2010. 'IMPROVING PATIENT SAFETY IN UROLOGY'. BJU International 106 (8): 1109-1110. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09575.x. McGough, Greta. 2011. 'Preventing Workplace Bullying An Evidence-Based Guide For Managers And Employeespreventing Workplace Bullying An Evidence-Based Guide For Managers And Employees'. Nursing Standard 26 (3): 31-31. doi:10.7748/ns2011.09.26.3.31.b1263.

Types of conflict Essays - Dispute Resolution, Negotiation

Conflict Management In Negotiations Conflict Management In The Negotiation Process Conflict Management in the Negotiation Process Conflict is an expressed struggle between two or more interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals (Wilmot, 1998, pg.34). It would seem strange to have a conflict within a conflict, wouldn't it? The whole negotiation process is in existence because of some sort of disagreement or conflict, and aside from the actual act of the negotiation, I want to discuss some of the behind the scenes conflict that can exist. Since people do the negotiating, it us understood that the people can act or behave in ways that can either make the process function or render it dysfunctional. There are three different types of outside conflict during the negotiation process I will discuss: task/person conflict, content/relationship conflict, and conflict as a constructive/positive force. Task/Person Conflict If a team is negotiating against another team, there may be conflict within the team. We experienced this in our class simulation when the spokesperson for management kept making things up, this upset his team because they didn't know where he would end up with his comments. Also, what he said didn't always coincide with what his group had decided to do during meetings and caucuses. Task conflict in team decision-making refers to the disagreements about work to be done. This includ...

Due Process of Law in the US Constitution

Due Process of Law in the US Constitution How important did America’s Founding Fathers consider the concept of â€Å"due process of law?† Important enough that they made it the only right guaranteed twice by the U.S. Constitution. Due process  of law in government is a constitutional guarantee that actions of the government will not impact its citizens in an abusive manner. As applied today, due process dictates that all courts must operate under a clearly defined set of standards crafted to protect peoples’ personal liberty. Due Process of Law in the United States The Constitution’s Fifth Amendment adamantly commands that no person may be â€Å"deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law† by any act of the federal government. Then, the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, steps up to use exactly the same phrase, called the Due Process Clause, to extend the same requirement to the state governments.   In making due process of law a constitutional guarantee, America’s Founding Fathers drew on a key phrase in the English Magna Carta of 1215, providing that no citizen should be made to forfeit his or her property, rights, or freedom except â€Å"by the law of the land,† as applied by the court. The exact phrase â€Å"due process of law† first appeared as a substitute for Magna Carta’s â€Å"the law of the land† in a 1354 statute adopted under King Edward III that restated the Magna Carta’s guarantee of the liberty. The exact phrase from the 1354 statutory rendition of the Magna Carta referring to â€Å"due process of law† reads: â€Å"No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law.† (emphasis added) At the time, â€Å"taken† was interpreted to mean being arrested or deprived of liberty by the government. ‘Due Process of Law’ and ‘Equal Protection of the Laws’ While the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Bill of Rights’ Fifth Amendment guarantee of due process of law to the states it also provides that the states may not deny any person within their jurisdiction â€Å"the equal protection of the laws.† That’s fine for the states, but does the Fourteenth Amendment’s â€Å"Equal Protection Clause† also apply to the federal government and to all U.S. citizens, regardless of where they live? The Equal Protection Clause was mainly intended to enforce the equality provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which provided that all U.S. citizens (except  American Indians) should be given â€Å"full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property.† So, the Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments. But, enter the U.S. Supreme Court and its interpretation the Due Process Clause. In its decision in the 1954 case of Bolling v. Sharpe, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause requirements apply to the federal government through the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. The Court’s Bolling v. Sharpe decision illustrates one of the five â€Å"other† ways the Constitution has been amended over the years.   As the source of much debate, especially during the tumultuous days of school integration, the Equal Protection Clause gave rise to the wider legal tenet of â€Å"Equal Justice Under Law.† The term â€Å"Equal Justice Under Law† would soon become the foundation of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, which led to the end of racial segregation in public schools, as well as dozens of laws prohibiting discrimination against persons belonging to various legally define protected groups. Key Rights and Protections Offered by Due Process of Law The basic rights and protections inherent in the Due Process of Law clause apply in all federal and state government proceedings that could result in a person’s â€Å"deprivation,† basically meaning the loss of â€Å"life, liberty† or property. The rights of due process apply in all state and federal criminal and civil proceedings from hearings and depositions to full-blown trials. These rights include: The right to an unbiased and speedy trialThe right to be provided with notice of the criminal charges or civil action involved and the legal grounds for those charges or actionsThe right present reasons why a proposed action should not be takenThe right to present evidence, including the right to call witnessesThe right to know the opposing evidence (disclosure)The right to cross-examine adverse witnessesThe right to a decision based solely on the evidence and testimony presentedThe right to be represented by a lawyerThe requirement that the court or other tribunal prepare a written record of the evidence and testimony presentedThe requirement that the court or other tribunal prepare written findings of fact and reasons for its decision Fundamental Rights and the Substantive Due Process Doctrine While court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education have established the Due Process Clause as sort of a proxy for a wide range of rights dealing with social equality, those rights were at least expressed in the Constitution. But what about those rights not mentioned in the Constitution, like the right to marry the person of your choice or the right to have children and raise them as you choose? Indeed, the thorniest constitutional debates over the last half century have involved those other rights of â€Å"personal privacy† like marriage, sexual preference, and reproductive rights. To justify the enactment of federal and state laws dealing with such issues, the courts have evolved the doctrine of â€Å"substantive due process of law.† As applied today, substantive due process holds that the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments requires that all laws restricting certain â€Å"fundamental rights† must be fair and reasonable and that the issue in question must be a legitimate concern of the government. Over the years, the Supreme Court has used substantive due process to emphasize the protections of the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments of the Constitution in cases dealing with the fundamental rights by constraining certain actions taken by police, legislatures, prosecutors, and judges. The Fundamental Rights The â€Å"fundamental rights† are defined as those having some relationship to the rights of autonomy or privacy. Fundamental rights, whether they are enumerated in the Constitution or not, are sometimes called â€Å"liberty interests.† Some examples of these rights recognized by the courts but not enumerated in the Constitution include, but are not limited to: The right to marry and procreateThe right to have custody of one’s own children and to raise then as one sees fitThe right to practice contraceptionThe right to identify as being of the gender of one’s choiceThe right work at the job of one’s choiceThe right to refuse medical treatment The fact that a certain law may restrict or even prohibit the practice of a fundamental right does not  in all cases mean that the law is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause. Unless a court decides that it was unnecessary or inappropriate for the government to restrict the right in order to achieve some compelling governmental objective the law will be allowed to stand.

Organizational Stakeholders Affected by Ethical or Unethical Behavior Essay

Organizational Stakeholders Affected by Ethical or Unethical Behavior at Boeing - Essay Example The unethical behaviors manifested by Condit and Stonecipher were not exemplary because they failed to adhere to the prevailing policies that the company initiated in order to provide a good venue for business, as specified in the case. As a result, this created a significant impact, primarily on the level of trust that the investors will have to guarantee for Boeing. For example, the anomalous contract between Sears and Druyun forced Condit to resign, which required the image of Boeing for further cleaning up, as primarily depicted on the ideal move of Stonecipher, Condit’s replacement. This resulted to cancellation of contracts with potential investors for around billions of dollars. On the other hand, Stonecipher violated the company’s code of conduct, which he himself mandated for the employees. He had a consensual relationship with a female employee, which is a behavior that would strongly stand against the prevailing company policy. Therefore, the image of Boeing has become so poor, affecting not only the potential investors, but also directly the employees within the organization. 2. What organizational approach to social responsibility did Boeing appear to use under the leadership of Condit and Stonecipher? How do you think the approach changed under McNerney’s leadership?... However, under his leadership, even though he attempted to clean up the mess of the previous administration, he failed to provide exemplary actions on how exactly he was forceful in implementing the company’s prevailing policies he mandated himself. Changing the culture of the company, with openness and accountability primarily to ward off illegal financial reporting is one of the ultimate concerns of McNerney’s administration. Added to this is to implement teamwork and improve morals. Now this may sound like McNerney is heading to include placing value, treating employees well and fairly, and sourcing of ethical business partners. By doing all of these, what might turn out as mess in the previous administration will remarkably generate a substantial improvement under McNerney’s administration as the bottom line of his action is to promote an organization that will operate in a socially responsible way. 3. Are the actions McNerney is proposing likely to improve e thics at Boeing? If yes, explain why. If now, tell what actions McNerney could take that would be effective. Let us recall the point of McNerney prior to his entry at Boeing. This person is not afraid to take the plunge into change, giving a higher possibility that he would guarantee total restoration of the prevailing morals in the company. In the first place, one significant manifestation that he could be capable of initiating change was his ability to look at the culture first at Boeing. He has in mind to change the prevailing culture to develop transparency. This alone could help us decide whether McNerney is proposing for the company is most likely to improve ethics at Boeing. At the positive side, yes it will definitely pave a way moving forward to a positive

Defending the minimum drinking age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defending the minimum drinking age - Essay Example who had served as a president in a college previously. McCardell formed an organization named Choose Responsibility in the year 2006 but this organization and his efforts gained fame mainly in the year 2008. McCardell pushed for the fact that the age of drinking should be reduced to 18 and he claimed that this would provide for far more benefits than the existing law (Cloud 2008). McCardell’s stand has been opposed by many health professionals as well as community welfare organizations that support the society of Mothers against Drunk Driving and they uphold the advantages that this existing law has brought forward with the assistance of different researches and statistics (Dean-Mooney 2008). The legal age of drinking which is 21 years of age has been indicated to be one of the best policies of the United States of America owing to its success and the subsequent reduction in the car crashes as well as the reduction of deaths and other negative effects due to excessive consumpt ion of alcohol. The age of legal drinking which is set to 21 years of age has been supported by health experts. The issue of teen drinking has been a part of the society of the United States since the nineteenth century and this problem has been linked with social as well as health issues amongst the teenagers. It hampers the normal development of an individual if started at an early age and results in problems of the nervous system. The years of teenage are important owing to the fact that these years are essential for the proper development of the nervous tissue and in particular the brain. The consumption of alcohol in these years results in alteration of the normal cells of various parts of the brain which include the forebrain and the hippocampus. This affect results in altering the normal memory of these teenagers and their performance in studies decreases. Their ability of coordination and

Report Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report Writing - Assignment Example The suspect was identified as Ricky Moon, a white male, aged 22 years; with a height, 6’; weighing, 192; at the moment he was wearing blue jeans and a ski cap. The officer immediately transported him back to the bank in an attempt of finding witnesses who would help with the suspect identification. Beamer and Katz who were both present during the process of the robbery positively identified the suspect. Following the positive identification, Judge L.C Green gave out a search warrant for the green Ford pickup that was bearing a New York licence TFH 789 and at that time was being driven by Ricky Moon and later found to be registered to the same man. The following items were obtained from the truck; 38 calibre blue steel revolver having serial number of 78695, a 4-inch barrel, black rubber grips, Green money bag, top zipper of First National Bank of New York, a Blue ski cap having eye holes cut within the fabric, a pair of blue jeans with red dye stains, black boots, pump shotgun, brown wood stock having the serial number of 436790 and $5,000 in $100 bills all of this materials were found in the suspects truck and are directly related to the above stated robbery. The witnesses at the crime scene; Frank Beamer and Jo Katz testified that on 20th of January, 2008 at around 1.30 pm a robbery occurred at the First National Bank of New York. The robber who carried out the offence was described as a white man, in blue jeans, wearing black shoes, in his twenties and also wearing a fabric on the head having holes cut in the fabric. Both witnesses stated to have observed that the suspected robber was in possession of two guns and also was wearing a jacket; moreover both added that the man was either in his twenties or early thirties. However there are some of the reported attributes by the two witnesses which are contradicting like Katz reported that the suspect had black hair and blue eyes, whereas Beamer reported the suspect to be having

Campaign Strategy Of Prithvi Narayan Shah

Campaign Strategy Of Prithvi Narayan Shah As a sound strategy is a pre-requisite to successful campaigns, the strategy that Prithvi Narayan Shah (PNS) planned and pursued during his unification campaigns (1742-1773 A. D.), can be assumed vital to his great achievement creation of modern Nepal. Indeed, PNSs campaign strategy envisaged employment of all state means/ tools/ instruments including saam, daam, danda, and bhed. Moreover, PNS (1723-1775) conceived of and implemented the strategy of mass mobilization for national campaign well before Napoleon Bonaparte did in 1790s. In that sense, PNS changed the feudal character of war into national war during his unification campaign. Studying PNSs unification campaign strategy can, therefore, be meaningful and insightful for the students of strategic studies and policy makers of the present Nepal that is experiencing unprecedented upheavals, chaos, and uncertainty in its history. Aim and Scope of the Paper This paper aims at highlighting the strategy/ policy, which PNS pursued during his campaign of uniting the Baisi, Choubisi, and Malla principalities. This paper is based on the general interaction and talks, seminar presentations and interactions, and data/ information available in the books and articles. Further, for ease of understanding, PNSs strategy has been analyzed here in terms of Christopher Laynes contemporary definition of strategy: Grand Strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is the process by which a state matches ends and means in the pursuit of security. In peacetime, grand strategy encompasses the following: defining the states security interests; identifying the threats to those interests; and allocating military, diplomatic, and economic resources to defend the states interests. In other words, PNs unification campaign strategy is analyzed here as the function of his ends (national purpose), threats, means, and ways/ courses of action, (Limbu, R. D.). General Situation of the Subcontinent when PNS became King of Gorkha When PNS became the king of Gorkha in 1742, the whole Indian subcontinent was facing turmoil politically, socially, economically, and strategically. While the Mughal Empire was undergoing disintegration, the Marathas in the West, Haidar Ali in the South, and the British in part of Bengal were expanding their territories, (Stiller, L. F., 1968). In Nepal during this period, several petty principalities loosely called Baise Rajyas and Choubise Rajyas ruled the Karnali and Gandak basins respectively. Gorkha was just one of the Choubise Rajyas. During this same period, while the Malla kings ruled the Kathmandu Valley divided into three kingdoms, a number of autonomous Kirati provinces under the nominal rule of Sen Kings existed in the region east of Sunkoshi River to the present border of Nepal. The general strategic scenario in Karnali, Gandaki, Bagmati, and Koshi Basins was as follows:- There were too many states confined to a limited space. The average size of a state was not a viable political entity. The big principalities Jumla, Palpa, Mackwanpur, and Vijayapur contained about 20,000 houses each; and the rest had about 600 to 8000 houses each. The yearly income of even the richest one was limited to a few thousand rupees. Except Jumla, Piuthan, Palpa, Tanhoun, Mackwanpur and the three states of the Nepal Valley, none of them could be called a state even in a limited sense, (Regmi D. R.). In theory, though all the states owed their allegiance to the Moghul Emperor at Delhi, each state behaved as a sovereign one. Every minor issue gave rise to conflict among them. General anarchy and misrule prevailed throughout the region. The peoples were forced to live in abject poverty and misery. The entire region was vulnerable to internal and external threats, (ibid). Unification Campaign Strategy of PNS The campaign strategy/ policy of PNS has been analyzed in terms of, (1), his purpose/ core interests, (2), major threats, (3), major means/ resources available, and, (4), ways/policies pursued. Purpose and Objectives of PNS Not every historian agrees that national unity was the ultimate purpose of PNS. However, some historians argue that having understood the strategic vulnerability of the then existing principalities to growing threats from the south, PNS invaded, conquered, and united them into a single kingdom. To this school of thought, creation of a strong and united kingdom out of the weak and divided principalities was the ultimate purpose of PNS. In this paper, this understanding has been assumed to be the sovereign purpose of PNS. Achievement of this purpose entailed invasion and capture of at least the Kathmandu valley and the Choubisi principalities. Threats To realize his purpose, though PNS did not have to confront any threats from Tibet/ China, he faced numerous threats from the Baisi, Choubisi, and Malla states, and external powers. Moreover, he had to negotiate several challenges that came from within his own kingdom. Threats from Mir Kasim (Nawab of Bengal) and British East India Company The Malla kings of Kathmanu valley and the Sen kings controlling Mackwanpur, Sindhuli, and eastern Terai region of Nepal maintained good relationships with Mir Kasim and the East India Company. For preserving and furthering their national interests, these powers preferred status quo in Nepal. As PNS captured Nuwakot (1744), Mackwanpur (1762), and Sindhuli (1767), and invested these states for the invasion and capture of the Kathmandu valley, the interests of Nawab and the Company happened to clash with that of PNS. Interference from Nawab PNSs conquest of Mackwanpur attracted the attention of the Nawab and the Company, both of which understood the strategic importance of Mackwanpur maintaining lucrative trade with Kathmandu valley and Tibet. Moreover, both of these forces coveted the natural resources of Nepal assuming that Nepal possessed precious gold mines and gold, which actually came from Tibet in return for the minting of coinages used in Kathmandu valley and Tibet, (Regmi, D. R.). Initially, the Nawab sent a small detachment in 1762 to test the strength of Gorkhalis. However, the Gorkha force wiped out this contingent in no time. Following this defeat, the Nawab dispatched a big force under Gurgin Khan. In the ensuing battle (1762/ 1763), which carried on for more than a week, the Gorkha force routed the expeditionary forces completely, (ibid). Interference from East India Company In 1767, the Company, decided to send an expeditionary force under Captain Kinloch to break PNSs siege of the Kathmandu valley. Kinlocks forces suffered from ignorance of the mountain terrain/ weather, the peculiar fighting methods of Gorkhal soldiers, and lack of adequate preparations. Consequently, the expeditionary forces suffered humiliating defeat at the hand of Gorkha forces, (Stiller, 1968). Threats from Baise and Choubise States No formal military alliances existed for the maintenance of balance of power among the Baise states. In theory, though the Jumla king had the right to interfere to maintain the balance of power among the Baise states, no effective means existed to enforce this right. Consequently, no interference came from the Baise states during the unification campaign of PNS, (Hamilton, F. B.). However, a crude system of balance of power existed among the Choubise states, which tended to maintain equilibrium among them. For Gorkha, the immediate neighboring states in the west, and south-west included Lamjung, Tanhu, and Palpa. Parbat and Kaski, located immediately further west. Aware of the implications of expanding Gorkha kingdom, these states formed some sort of security alliance against PNS. The major alliances were as follows, (Stiller, 1995):- Palpa Alliance. Included Palpa, Jajarkot, Ghiring, Rising, Gulmi, Argha, and Khanchi. Lamjung Alliance. Consisted of Lamjung, Tanhun, and Kaski. Malebum (Parbat) Alliance. Comprised Parbat and Galkot. Bhirkot Alliance. Included Bhirkot, Nuwakot (west), Paiyun, and Garahun. Piuthan Allaince. Consisted of Piuthan, Isma, Musikot, Khungri, and Bhingri. Manpower Problem While Gorkha had 12,000 households, (one household could have an average of four to five family members), its immediate neighbors Lamjung, Kaski, Tanhu, and Palpa had approximately 8,000, 8,000, 12,000, and 24,000 households respectively, (Stiller, 1995). The kingdoms of Kathmandu valley had bigger population. Manpower-wise, therefore, Gorkha was not in a favorable position to invade and conquer any of those kingdoms, which often formed alliance to defend their homeland. Scarce Finance and Material Resources and Logistics Support Compared with the kingdoms of Kathmandu valley, Palpa, and Mackwanpur, Gorkha possessed neither adequate material resources nor reliable sources of revenues. Gorkhas resources could be substantially augmented by the revenues from the captured lands. Nevertheless, initially Gorkha had to suffer greatly from the strain of scarce material resources and logistics required for supporting its sustained offensive campaigns, (Stiller, 1995). Tough Terrain Difficult mountainous terrain definitely favored the defenders, not the invader. Conventionally, an invader in mountainous terrain requires more than three times the strength of the defender. Means/ Resources Available Leadership and Command History has testified, An army of stags led by a lion is better than an army of lions led by a stag. The most important factor in the victorious campaigns of tiny Gorkha kingdom was the outstanding leadership/ command PNS and his field commanders provided for the troops, (Hamilton, F. B.). These commanders commanded their troops by example from the front, which was essential to successful campaigns in those days of close quarter-battles. Intelligence PNS had wisely invested, established, and maintained an effective intelligence system eye, ear, and brain of the state on which others state tools were dependent. In the Choubisi region, he deployed his secret agents to every important place. These agents were active in sowing the seeds of discords among the rulers and elites to ensure that there was no concerted action against Gorkha, (Regmi, D. R.). With the promise to provide birta and other incentives, PNS bought support of many courtiers and several wealthy families of Kathmandu valley. Further, a large number of clever Brahmins were employed in Kathmandu on espionage missions. These agents engaged themselves in subversive activities creating splits and confusion in the Valley, (ibid). A man by the name of Kirtirajananda Upadhya helped PNSs war effort from inside the city of Patan. This man was tasked to subvert people of Kathmandu and Patan in concert with his uncle and cousin in furtherance of Gorkhas interest, (ibid). Moreover, PNS amply paid the local priests and religious leaders who were secretly helping him from Patan and Kathmandu courts. Later, they received free holding of lands. In the beginning, PNS used even the Gosain traders, (ibid). In the Kirat region, PNS employed the local Brahmins of the Dudhkosi basin as his main agents. Harinanda Pokhrel was employed in subverting the nine hundred thousand Kirati people and in helping the Gorkhali to capture Chaudandi and Bijayapur. Others who were employed included Balkrishna Joshi and Birbhadra Upadhya whom PNS rewarded later, (ibid). The diplomatic missions and others deployed overtly and covertly in various important centers of India and Tibet operated as his external intelligence agents. The means of communications in those days was letters or individual agents/ contacts. Political/ Diplomatic Understanding the sensitive geo-politic/ geo-strategic location of Nepal, PNS said, This country is like a gourd between two boulders, (Stiller, 1968). Aware of strategic implications involved, PNS restricted the foreign traders from entering Nepal. His Dibyopadesh also shows an appreciation of the necessity of maintaining balanced relationship with the immediate neighbors. Overtly and covertly, PNS had established various missions in important centers outside Nepal. At one time PNS deployed Vrihaspati Pandit to Purnea, Kirtimali to Patna, Vaikuntha Upadhaya to the place of Nawab Sujaddaula, and Dinanath to Calcutta. In Lhasa, PNS had posted a man named Rajgiri. British sources corroborate this information, (Regmi, D. R.). He selected the best diplomats, (Stiller, 1968). Realizing the strategic implications of British dominance in Tibet, PNS persuaded the Tibetan authorities not to permit the entry of English goods into Tibet, (Regmi, D. R.). However, PNS never used force against the external powers. He preferred negotiation. He counterattacked them only when they interfered with his campaign. In Dibyopadesh PNS compared Lamjung, Gorkha, and Kathmandu valley with Garuda, snake, and a frog respectively. It meant that as long as its western border remained vulnerable to Lamjung, Gorkha could not capture Kathmandu valley. To secure his western border, PNS adopted the most opportunistic real politic of divide and rule. However, this instrument failed him strategically to expand his territory in the west. However, in case of some of the Baise states he succeeded to separate them from the Choubisis, (Regmi, D. R.). Army The most important means/ instrument PNS employed throughout his campaign was his Army, which consisted of several companies, each with about 100 gunmen. This Army comprised both regular and irregular soldiers. Towards the end of his regime, PNS had a minimum of fourteen companies, or about twenty-five hundred men, (Stiller, 1995) PNS made use of rabble soldiers as well. The regular soldiers called tilinga handled guns and daggers based on the situations. The irregulars also handled different type of weapons and were well trained as the regular soldier. Besides, there were men who used only Khuda and Khukuri, (Regmi, D. R.) The Company was commanded by a Subedar (officer) under whom there were six Havildars and as much Huddas. The latter two were junior officers, (ibid). The Subedar used to be the most trusted man with reputation of achievements in four or more battles. He appointed his junior officers, Havaldar and Hudda, based on their battle performance. Only the most courageous would get promotion. (ibid). Every capable individual Brahmin, Kshatri, Baisya, Sudra castes, and others could serve in the Army in different capacities, (ibid). Many believe that PNSs army was an inclusive one. However, the spirit of Dibyopadesh does not support this idea of inclusiveness. Recruitment in the Army was done only from certain castes Khash, Magars, Gurungs, and Thakuris, and important command appointments were assigned to those close to the King, (Stiller, 1968). Moreover, Brahmins were not recruited as soldiers, (Regmi, D. R.). Other Chubise states also had their armies recruited from the same indigenous materials. Foreign mercenaries were employed in Jaya Prakash Mallas Army. What made the Gorkha army more effective than others was the leadership, command, and incentives received from PNS, who shared his vision as well as risks of war with his troops and provided jagir to each soldier. Economic Means Sound logistic support base is essential to successful military campaign. Moreover, offensive battle in mountainous terrain is much more expensive than the defensive one. Sustained military campaign like the one undertaken by PNS was very costly. Conventionally, it was not possible for PNS to raise and sustain an army strong enough to simultaneously hold the Choubisi alliance in the west and successfully invade and conquer the kingdoms in the east. Moreover, threats from the rising powers of India were also to be catered for. However, PNS invented the system of jagir (land assignment) to resolve the bulk of his financial problem. To every man who served in his army, PNS assigned a jagir, which satisfied the peoples innate aspirations for economic security, wealth, and social prestige, (Stiller, 1993). Further, early capture of fertile valley of Nuwakot (1744) and then Mackwanpur (1762) helped him economically in the invasion of Kathmandu valley. Once he captured the rich and fertile Kathmandu valley and controlled the lucrative trade with Tibet, PNS had no major problem to finance military campaigns against the ill-equipped and divided Kirati regions. Ways/ Policies It can be safely assumed that all the ways/ policies PNS pursued were based on the sound intelligence appreciation of the prevailing situation including the capabilities, limitations, and intentions of the opponents the Malla, Choubisi, and Baisi kingdoms, and the external powers. PNS had invested wisely in overt/ covert intelligence missions for gathering intelligence required for pursuing appropriate policies. Depending on the prevailing situation, PNS pursued all forms of policies saam, daam, danda, bhed in isolation or combination to achieve his purpose. Political/ Diplomatic Appreciating the sensitive and vulnerable geo-political location of Nepal, PNS sought for and maintained a friendly diplomatic relation with East India Company and Tibet/ China without any harm to national interests. However, he presented no opportunities, which provided the foreign powers an excuse to penetrate Nepal. Similarly, PNS tried his best to prevent the British from gaining an access to Tibet, (Regmi, D. R.). PNS pursued the divide and rule policy among the Malla, Choubisi, and Baisi Rajas. Particularly, he resorted to sustained policies including saam, daam, danda, and bhed, to keep the Kathmandu valley rulers and western neighbors Lamjung, Tanhu, Palpa, Mackwanpur, Kaski and Parbat weak and divided so that they would not forge alliance against Gorkha. Further, with the issuance in 1773 of Royal Charter (Sanad) that ensured some special rights including the Kipat system for the Limbu-Kiratis, PNS brought Pallo Kirat under his domination without fighting even before the ruler in Morang was defeated, (Regmi, D. R.). Military To ensure self-motivation, dedication, and loyalty of troops, PNS shared his vision with his troops. PNS appealed, motivated, mobilized, involved and employed the general mass in national war of unification. PNS required his field commanders to command the troops in battles by personal example and ensured fair administration of rewards and punishment. PNS always ensured that he was not forced to fight battles simultaneously on more than one front. He ensured sustained economic blockade and envelopment of Kathmandu valley, and systematic tightening of the noose/ ring before the main attack. He conducted protracted subversive operations before, during, and after the military campaigns. Whenever possible he tried to win the battles through negotiation without bloodshed. As regards the powerful East India Company, he resorted only to the defensive war. When forced to fight, PNS pursued offensive defense along with guerrilla warfare by exploiting the advantages of mountainous terrain and weather. He countered numerical and technological superiority of East India Company and Nawab of Bengal, by deliberately creating space for drawing their forces deep into the difficult mountainous terrains (e.g. offensive defenses against the expeditionary forces of Mir Kasim in Mackwanpur and East India Company in Sindhuli) to decisively counterattack at a favorable place/ time and destroy them in detail. Economic PNS adopted the system of jagir to reduce the financial burden of costly war. He encouraged/ appealed to the mass for voluntary donation/ assistance in cash and kinds for his campaigns. PNS conducted sustained economic blockade of the Kathmandu valley. He borrowed money from the traders like the Gosains and the very rich local people such as Harinanda Upadhya Pokhrel, Balkrishna Joshi, and Birbhadra Upadhya of Kirat region, (Regmi, D. R.). He discouraged imports of foreign materials and encouraged indigenous industries and production and, preferably promoted trade with Tibet including continuance of minting of silver coins for both Tibet and Nepal. Cultural PNS avoided interference in the indigenous cultures and traditions. His Dibya Upadesh depicts Nepal as consisting of chaar jaat, chhatish barna. PNS encouraged local culture for winning the hearts and minds of the people, (Regmi, D. R.). He accepted and worked with the existing regional cultural, social, and fiscal institutions. He required his governors/ commanders/ officials to do the same, (Stiller, 1993). Other Policies/ Ways Mass Mobilization of Population and Resources To make up work force and resources shortages, PNS ordered general mobilization of the entire Gorkha population including the tailor and band-player, the cobbler, the blacksmith, and the sweeper. The idea of war of national unification motivated the entire citizens of Gorkha irrespective of castes and sects. All the youths aged 16 and 30 years were freely recruited into the army and large stocks of arms were distributed. These youths were given weapons training by some experienced Hindustani experts, (Regmi, D. R.). Thus, PNS changed the character of war from feudal to national. Justification of Means by Ends For PNS any means or ways was fair in war. In several cases, ethical/ moral values found no place in the means he employed to win his war, (ibid). Superior Organization and Technology Sustained battle experiences taught PNS to improve his military organization including the intelligence. PNS also introduced firearms and European discipline in his Army, (Hamilton, F.). He made best use of firelocks, which until his time were totally unknown among the Choubisi Rajas. The superior organization and firepower of Gorkha troops armed with muskets completely outmatched the organizationally weak Kiratis armed with bows and arrows, (Stiller, 1995). Moreover, PNS utilized the services of a master mechanic (Shekh Zabbar) in making matchlocks and gunpowder, which was lacking in the Malla rulers though they also possessed the latest weapons, (Regmi, D. R.). Offensive Battles Two of the most important objective ingredients of combat power are firepower and maneuver power. PNS fought offensive battles characterized both by firepower and by maneuverability, while his opponents fought static defensive battles, stuck to particular terrain, (Regmi, D. R.). Consolidation of States Earlier, the kings of Nepal would distribute their newly won territories among their relatives as favors/ honors. However, when his brothers sought same sort of favors, PNS absolutely refused. To him, a state would not remain a state when it was split. PNS treated Nepal as a garden in which all peoples of all religions, castes, and groups deserve to live together in harmony and peace, and with dignity, (Stiller, 1993,). Conclusion PNS succeeded in realizing his purpose, because it was understood, endorsed, and supported by the people, and his strategy was based on ground reality, ingenuity, and innovation. Some of the vital aspects of PNSs campaign strategy were: clear understanding and realization of the sensitive geopolitical location of Nepal, clarity in the national purpose, communicating and sharing of national purpose with the people, understanding and treatment of Nepal as a secular nation-state consisting of Chaar jaat, chhatish barna, encouragement of the local cultures of the indigenous peoples, concept of inclusiveness and mass mobilization for national campaigns, and selective/ appropriate employment of available means saam, daam, danda, bhed depending on the situation. Indeed, the wisdoms reflected in PNSs unification campaign strategy more than two centuries ago can still be valid and relevant to the conception and formulation of present Nepals security strategy/ policy. Ranadhoj Limbu Former Brigadier General, Nepal Army

Melancholy :: Creative Writing Essays

Melancholy The autumn sun beat down still and hot as Trey peered over the whitewashed fence. Widow Harris' garden was just on the other side. It was a very sad looking garden. There were weeds everywhere. He scanned past the zucchini squash, the only thing doing well in the whole garden, and over the cantaloupe vine. Yes! The watermelon was still there! Trey could see it through the scraggly leaves of its vine. If he was fast, he could grab it and be gone before Mrs. Harris even knew he was there. Plagued with misgivings, but determined to go on, Trey climbed over the fence into the garden. His friends whispered that the old lady was really a witch and would turn you into a cricket and feed you to her cat if she caught you sneaking around. He pushed the thought from his mind. Trey pulled at the watermelon, but the vine clung too tight. He shifted his grip and pulled harder. Suddenly, the entire vine pulled out of the ground and Trey fell back, landing on his seat. While he was struggling with the tenacious fruit, the front door screeched open. "Hey! Out of my garden!" Mrs. Harris hobbled out onto her front porch. Trey scrambled frantically over the fence holding the melon by its vine. He dropped down to the sidewalk only to find his cousin, Miles, coming up the street. If Miles found out what he was doing, it'd ruin everything. Miles had an extremely over zealous conscience. Trey tried to run, but the watermelon was still on the other side of the fence. He yanked the vine and the melon flew over the fence. Just then, the melon snapped off its vine. Instead of sailing neatly into Trey's waiting arms it smashed against the sidewalk and burst open with a dull thump. He hurriedly gathered up as many of the slick red pieces as he could hold and ran clutching them tightly, soaking the front of his shirt. Miles couldn't believe Trey was stealing a watermelon! He pounded after his twin in age as fast as he could, but Trey, lank and swift on his feet, easily outdistanced him. Miles stopped, his hands on his knees and breathing hard. He was no match in speed to Trey. As his breathing slowed, he took a moment to think. Miles grinned. The logical place for his cousin to head was the old apple orchard, where they had a hideout. Melancholy :: Creative Writing Essays Melancholy The autumn sun beat down still and hot as Trey peered over the whitewashed fence. Widow Harris' garden was just on the other side. It was a very sad looking garden. There were weeds everywhere. He scanned past the zucchini squash, the only thing doing well in the whole garden, and over the cantaloupe vine. Yes! The watermelon was still there! Trey could see it through the scraggly leaves of its vine. If he was fast, he could grab it and be gone before Mrs. Harris even knew he was there. Plagued with misgivings, but determined to go on, Trey climbed over the fence into the garden. His friends whispered that the old lady was really a witch and would turn you into a cricket and feed you to her cat if she caught you sneaking around. He pushed the thought from his mind. Trey pulled at the watermelon, but the vine clung too tight. He shifted his grip and pulled harder. Suddenly, the entire vine pulled out of the ground and Trey fell back, landing on his seat. While he was struggling with the tenacious fruit, the front door screeched open. "Hey! Out of my garden!" Mrs. Harris hobbled out onto her front porch. Trey scrambled frantically over the fence holding the melon by its vine. He dropped down to the sidewalk only to find his cousin, Miles, coming up the street. If Miles found out what he was doing, it'd ruin everything. Miles had an extremely over zealous conscience. Trey tried to run, but the watermelon was still on the other side of the fence. He yanked the vine and the melon flew over the fence. Just then, the melon snapped off its vine. Instead of sailing neatly into Trey's waiting arms it smashed against the sidewalk and burst open with a dull thump. He hurriedly gathered up as many of the slick red pieces as he could hold and ran clutching them tightly, soaking the front of his shirt. Miles couldn't believe Trey was stealing a watermelon! He pounded after his twin in age as fast as he could, but Trey, lank and swift on his feet, easily outdistanced him. Miles stopped, his hands on his knees and breathing hard. He was no match in speed to Trey. As his breathing slowed, he took a moment to think. Miles grinned. The logical place for his cousin to head was the old apple orchard, where they had a hideout.

Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth: Summary

Hema and Kaushik had an affair they meet in Italy after having a two long decades. Hema, now a college professor, who is upset about her previous affair with a married man and plans to settle down by marrying someone she barely knows. Kaushik, a world traveling, successful photojournalist, is preparing to accept a desk job in Hong Kong. In spite of all that, they find their deep connection irresistible and must reckon it with the lives they have chosen to lead. Her parents introduce Navin to Hema and they had an arrange marriage.She thought that Julian was going to leave his wife, to be with her so she agreed to marry Julian. She decide not to marry Navin because she concerned it to be and arrange not a marriage and she said that nerving was He decide not to leave his wife so Hema decide to marry Navin. She had just know Navin for only three weeks before she decide to marry him. The parent did not know about Julian it was and surprise to them because they thought is was single becaus e she was shy, she had devoted all her time to her studies to be bothered with a men.Her mother asked hema on her thirty-fifth birthdays, if she had preferred women. They had never heard about Julian and about them having an affair with him for two half years they had no idea about him, never mind that he was an married man. When she was in Rome, she communicated with Navin by E-mail or she talked with him a few times on the phone the conversation got heavy. They also talked about their honeymoon in Goa. Hema did not miss him but she looked forward to Calcutta to marry him and returning with him on the plane, and on time for her to resume teaching at Wellesley.

Sample Term Paper

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The Hip-hop culture in Aotearoa New Zealand essays

The Hip-hop culture in Aotearoa New Zealand essays The Hip-hop culture in Aotearoa New Zealand is similar to other countries where reclamation of identity has been achieved using music. Is Hip-hop a backlash of the colonisation process? Discuss the Hip-hop culture as a medium for expressiveness and a way of defining identity. Hip-hop has emerged as a significant musical genre in Aotearoa New Zealand creating an awareness of cultural diversity and ethnic identity and is similar to other countries where reclamation of identity has been achieved using music. Hip-hop has long been seen as the voice for the disenfranchised. The New Zealand Hip-hop scene began in the 1980s when artists such as Upper Hutt Posse began recording and gained recognition for lyrics relating to tino rangatiratanga, Maori Sovereignty. Is the success of Hip-hop in New Zealand the backlash of the colonisation process? New Zealand has a colourful past in terms of race relations, which has contributed to Maori and Pacific Islanders, amongst other minority groups, sense of disenfranchisement. The Hip-hop culture has provided a medium for young people to channel their talents and have a voice about their place in society. Exploring the character of youth subcultures such as Hip-hop provides an opportunity for better understanding of t he role that popular music has for youth as they endeavour to construct ideas about their own individualism and their place within the social world. Particular attention has been given to a local High School in Christchurch as an example of flexibility and resourcefulness with tailor made courses specifically aimed to appeal to students from diverse musical backgrounds. In addition to the exploration of Hip-hop youth culture, further exploration of the relationships found between the social world, the cultural creators, objects and the receivers of the cultural objects is made drawing on the larger influences that create such connections. What is this global musical force ...

To Drink or Not To Drink Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To Drink or Not To Drink - Assignment Example A person should have the capability to express their independent choice to drink, as long as they are aware of all the consequences. Where a person is informed about the consequences of taking alcohol and weighs them against their need to feel peer and general social acceptance, they are in a position to make autonomous decisions (Abaunza 1). The decision to consume alcohol should be considered as an authentic choice, rather than an independent one or simply a competent one. Although making an authentic choice does not guarantee that there will be good consequences, it does at least hint at an increase in the chances that an individual will experience better outcomes. Therefore, with regards to drinking, the choice should be encouraged and informed by a deeper acknowledgement of the relationships and situations that an individual finds him or herself. An individual cannot simply purport to make an independent choice on whether to take alcohol because it is not an impulsive one, especially because they are under social and peer influence (Abaunza 1). Whatever choice is made, they are meant to consider its consequences, whether good or bad. If the individual is to make their choice based on peer or social pressure, this is the environment they will be in for the rest of their lives. Therefore, the values and beliefs that t hey follow to gain social and peer acceptance will also guide future choices (Abaunza 1). In this case, despite the fact that decision-making is influenced by many factors with regards to drinking, the individual will be reliant on the same values and beliefs for the rest of his/her life. Making the decision on whether to drink is rarely a competent choice because consuming alcohol impairs an individual’s neuro-cognitive functioning (Abaunza 1). However, even though alcohol negates an individual’s ability to make an autonomous choice, invoking